{"id":552,"date":"2018-04-25T14:17:00","date_gmt":"2018-04-25T14:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/?p=552"},"modified":"2025-03-28T14:57:06","modified_gmt":"2025-03-28T14:57:06","slug":"difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/","title":{"rendered":"Difracci\u00f3n de Rayos X (An\u00e1lisis de Difractogramas)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_specialty et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_row et_block_row et_d4_element\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_3_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_0   et_pb_specialty_column  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row_inner et_pb_row_inner_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_d4_element et_pb_column_inner et_pb_column_inner_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2>DIFRACCI\u00d3 DE RAIGS X (AN\u00c0LISI DE DIFRACTOGRAMES)\u00a0<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg-980x735.jpg 980w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg-480x360.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1024px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-557 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/768;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">https:\/\/www.uvm.edu<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Les propietats dels materials estan condicionades, no nom\u00e9s per la natura dels \u00e0toms que els componen, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per la manera com aquests \u00e0toms s\u2019uneixen entre ells.<\/p>\n<p>La tend\u00e8ncia \u00e9s que els \u00e0toms s\u2019uneixin buscant la m\u00e0xima estabilitat i seguint la configuraci\u00f3 amb l\u2019energia m\u00e9s baixa possible. Aix\u00f2 fa que molts materials presentin una determinada ordenaci\u00f3 o organitzaci\u00f3 repetitiva dels seus \u00e0toms, s\u00f3n els anomenats materials cristal\u00b7lins.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"647\" height=\"571\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/bravais.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"bravais\" class=\"wp-image-560 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 647px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 647\/571;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"jx7z5rLsm9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lespritsorcier.org\/blogs-membres\/lanalyse-de-monocristaux-par-diffraction-au-rayons-x-partie-3\/\">L&rsquo;analyse de monocristaux par diffraction au rayons X (partie 3)<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u00ab\u00a0L&rsquo;analyse de monocristaux par diffraction au rayons X (partie 3)\u00a0\u00bb &#8212; L&#039;Esprit Sorcier\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lespritsorcier.org\/blogs-membres\/lanalyse-de-monocristaux-par-diffraction-au-rayons-x-partie-3\/embed\/#?secret=jx7z5rLsm9\" data-secret=\"jx7z5rLsm9\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Aquests tipus de materials estan formats per una xarxa espacial d\u2019\u00e0toms distribu\u00efts peri\u00f2dicament i sense cap buit. La c\u00e8l\u00b7lula elemental \u00e9s la unitat b\u00e0sica a partir de la qual es pot reproduir la resta de la xarxa, i est\u00e0 definida pels par\u00e0metres a, b, c i \u03b1, \u03b2, \u0194. Nom\u00e9s s\u2019han determinat set poliedres o sistemes cristal\u00b7lins. Els 14 tipus de xarxes possibles, anomenades xarxes de Bravais, es constitueixen a partir d\u2019aquests set poliedres, per\u00f2 associant una s\u00e8rie de punts, no nom\u00e9s als v\u00e8rtexs, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 al centre del poliedre o al centre de les cares. Els \u00edndexs de Miller, h, k i l, defineixen els plans cristal\u00b7logr\u00e0fics d\u2019una c\u00e8l\u00b7lula elemental en un eix de coordenades.<\/p>\n<p>La difracci\u00f3 dels raigs X \u00e9s un fenomen f\u00edsic que es produeix quan un feix de raigs X, d\u2019una determinada longitud d\u2019ona, interacciona amb un material cristal\u00b7l\u00ed, produint una s\u00e8rie d\u2019interfer\u00e8ncies \u00f2ptiques constructives dispersades en determinades direccions de l\u2019espai. Amb la llei de Bragg podem determinar els angles de les ones electromagn\u00e8tiques difractades per un cristall i la dist\u00e0ncia que separa els seus \u00e0toms:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>n\u03bb = 2 d sen \u03b8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La radiaci\u00f3 ha de travessar una obertura amb un gruix comparable a la longitud d\u2019ona de la radiaci\u00f3. Les longituds d\u2019ona dels raigs X es mesuren en \u00e5ngstr\u00f6ms i s\u00f3n similars a les dist\u00e0ncies entre els \u00e0toms de les xarxes cristal\u00b7lines, \u00e9s a dir, es trien de manera que l\u2019ona incident sigui adequada per a l\u2019estructura del material que es vol determinar. Aquest tipus de raigs X \u201cdurs\u201d es produeixen en laboratoris de cristal\u00b7lografia o en les anomenades grans instal\u00b7lacions de sincrotr\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"409\" height=\"164\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/esquema-difraccion.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"esquema-difraccion\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/esquema-difraccion.jpg 409w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/esquema-difraccion-300x120.jpg 300w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/esquema-difraccion-18x7.jpg 18w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\" class=\"wp-image-561 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 409px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 409\/164;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Aquesta \u00e9s una t\u00e8cnica indirecta que pot ser destructiva o no, en funci\u00f3 de l\u2019equip utilitzat, i per tant, condicionada a la necessitat de fer una presa de mostra. La seva aplicaci\u00f3 fonamental \u00e9s la identificaci\u00f3 qualitativa de la composici\u00f3 mineral\u00f2gica d\u2019una mostra cristal\u00b7lina determinada. La t\u00e8cnica experimental consisteix en l\u2019emissi\u00f3 d\u2019un feix de raigs X i la recepci\u00f3 dels raigs difractats per un detector, mentre es varia l\u2019angle d\u2019incid\u00e8ncia per calcular la simetria del cristall i, posteriorment, assignar les dist\u00e0ncies per obtenir les fases cristal\u00b7lines de la mostra.<\/p>\n<p>En el diagrama de difracci\u00f3, tenim a l\u2019eix vertical la intensitat dels raigs X difractats en funci\u00f3 de la suma de l\u2019angle d\u2019incid\u00e8ncia i el de difracci\u00f3 (2\u03b8). Els pics corresponen als plans que produeixen difracci\u00f3 i es poden relacionar amb els seus \u00edndexs de Miller. En realitat, \u00e9s bastant dif\u00edcil identificar una sola subst\u00e0ncia, ja que la majoria de les mostres s\u00f3n heterog\u00e8nies. Tamb\u00e9 podem fer una estimaci\u00f3 semiquantitativa, obtenint una proporci\u00f3 dels materials amb un petit marge d\u2019error.<\/p>\n<p>A partir d\u2019aquest diagrama, s\u2019han d\u2019identificar els patrons que s\u2019ajustin als pics de major intensitat del difractograma. Si la mostra est\u00e0 formada per diversos minerals, el seu difractograma ser\u00e0 la suma dels difractogrames corresponents a les fases cristal\u00b7lines que componen la mostra.<\/p>\n<p>Amb una regla mil\u00b7limetrada es mesura l\u2019angle 2\u03b8 (eix de les abscisses) de cada reflexi\u00f3, aix\u00ed com la seva intensitat absoluta (al\u00e7\u00e0ria), col\u00b7locant ambd\u00f3s valors en una taula de cinc columnes. A la tercera columna, s\u2019hi posen els valors d\u2019intensitats relatives, obtingudes com a percentatge (respecte al 100%) de la m\u00e9s intensa. A la quarta columna, s\u2019hi col\u00b7loquen els valors d\u2019espaiament dhkl, obtinguts a partir dels valors de 2\u03b8 mitjan\u00e7ant l\u2019expressi\u00f3 de Bragg (2d\u00b7sen\u03b8 = n\u03bb, amb n = 1), sabent que per a l\u2019obtenci\u00f3 dels difractogrames s\u2019ha emprat radiaci\u00f3 K\u03b1 de Cu (\u03bb = 1,5405 \u00c5). [1]<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019ASTM (Associaci\u00f3 Americana per a l\u2019Assaig de Materials) compta amb una de les bases de dades m\u00e9s extenses: el PDF Powder Data File, on es pot comparar el resultat del nostre diagrama amb un gran nombre de subst\u00e0ncies cristal\u00b7lines, classificades, entre d\u2019altres criteris, segons l\u2019espaiament dels seus pics m\u00e9s intensos, ordenats de major a menor espaiament, juntament amb les intensitats relatives.<\/p>\n<p>Si hi ha coincid\u00e8ncia en els valors dels espaiaments i en l\u2019ordre de les intensitats relatives, tindrem identificat el mineral.<\/p>\n<p>Powder Cell \u00e9s un programa que realitza simulacions de difractogrames de materials cristal\u00b7lins i, a m\u00e9s, il\u00b7lustra l\u2019estructura cristal\u00b7lina del material en q\u00fcesti\u00f3. Tamb\u00e9 es poden modificar alguns dels par\u00e0metres de les estructures cristal\u00b7lines per observar com varien els difractogrames, i d\u2019aquesta manera, estudiar la relaci\u00f3 entre l\u2019estructura cristal\u00b7lina d\u2019un material i el seu diagrama de difracci\u00f3 corresponent.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"886\" height=\"497\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1.jpg 886w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1-480x269.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 886px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-564 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 886px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 886\/497;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"630\" height=\"520\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2-1-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"2 (1)\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2-1-1.png 630w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2-1-1-480x396.png 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 630px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-562 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 630px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 630\/520;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"821\" height=\"444\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3.jpg 821w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-480x260.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 821px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-563 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 821px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 821\/444;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Tamb\u00e9 tenim la possibilitat de consultar les taules on es mostren les condicions de l\u2019experiment i els par\u00e0metres m\u00e0xims de difracci\u00f3 del mineral, en aquest cas Calcita Bio. Podem modificar l\u2019escala del diagrama per visualitzar amb m\u00e9s detall algunes zones.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_6\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"886\" height=\"478\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/4.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"4\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/4.jpg 886w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/4-480x259.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 886px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-565 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 886px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 886\/478;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>ITA-MOS-01-2014.dat<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_7\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"946\" height=\"1599\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/5-2.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"5\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/5-2.png 946w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/5-2-480x811.png 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 946px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-566 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 946px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 946\/1599;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>ITA-MOS-01-2014.dat<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_8\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"946\" height=\"1599\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/6-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"6\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/6-1.png 946w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/6-1-480x811.png 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 946px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-567 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 946px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 946\/1599;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_9\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"338\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/7.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"7\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/7.jpg 268w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/7-238x300.jpg 238w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/7-10x12.jpg 10w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" class=\"wp-image-568 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 268px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 268\/338;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_10\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"555\" height=\"290\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/8.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"8\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/8.jpg 555w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/8-480x251.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 555px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-569 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 555px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 555\/290;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_11\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"537\" height=\"312\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"9\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9.jpg 537w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9-480x279.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 537px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-570 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 537px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 537\/312;\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 dels sistemes cristal\u00b7lins de la IIIita, Calcita Bio i Quars<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">La mostra ITA-MOS-01-2014.dat presenta un c\u00e0lcul estimatiu d\u2019un 97,8 % de Calcita Bio i un 2,2 % de quars, tot i que a l\u2019eix de les abscisses hi ha un pic molt intens no identificat que no correspon amb els altres minerals.\n\nEls minerals que s\u2019ajusten millor al difractograma de la mostra ITA-MOS-09-2014.dat s\u00f3n la Calcita Bio, la Illita i el Quars, presents en unes proporcions del 98 %, 1,6 % i 0,4 % respectivament.\n\nL\u2019estructura cristal\u00b7lina del mineral i la seva complexitat determinen la quantitat de punts que produeixen refracci\u00f3, com \u00e9s el cas de la Illita.\n\n&nbsp;\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cuvsi.com\/2016\/01\/difraccion-de-rayos-x-en-la.html\"><span>http:\/\/www.cuvsi.com\/2016\/01\/difraccion-de-rayos-x-en-la.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/parte_05.html\"><span>http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/parte_05.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cristalograf%C3%ADa_de_rayos_X\"><span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cristalograf%C3%ADa_de_rayos_X<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE06\/web\/DRXP.htm\"><span>http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE06\/web\/DRXP.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE04\/web\/directorio.htm\"><span>http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE04\/web\/directorio.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/\"><span>http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sstti.ua.es\/es\/instrumentacion-cientifica\/unidad-de-rayos-x\/difraccion-de-rayos-x.html\"><span>https:\/\/sstti.ua.es\/es\/instrumentacion-cientifica\/unidad-de-rayos-x\/difraccion-de-rayos-x.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upct.es\/~minaeees\/difraccion_rayosx.pdf\"><span>https:\/\/www.upct.es\/~minaeees\/difraccion_rayosx.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.upct.es\/~dimgc\/webjoseperez\/DOCENCIA_archivos\/Aplicaciones_DRX_Apuntes_y_ejercicios.pdf\"><span>http:\/\/www.upct.es\/~dimgc\/webjoseperez\/DOCENCIA_archivos\/Aplicaciones_DRX_Apuntes_y<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.upct.es\/~dimgc\/webjoseperez\/DOCENCIA_archivos\/Aplicaciones_DRX_Apuntes_y_ejercicios.pdf\"><span>_ejercicios.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unizar.es\/icma\/divulgacion\/pdf\/pdfdifraccionrayos.pdf\"><span>https:\/\/www.unizar.es\/icma\/divulgacion\/pdf\/pdfdifraccionrayos.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/azufre.quimica.uniovi.es\/DetEst\/Tema3-AAP.pdf\"><span>http:\/\/azufre.quimica.uniovi.es\/DetEst\/Tema3-AAP.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NOQJ-NLixj4\"><span>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NOQJ-NLixj4<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mim-us.es\/estructuras_cristalinas\/estructura_cristalina2.html\"><span>http:\/\/www.mim-us.es\/estructuras_cristalinas\/estructura_cristalina2.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/enciclopedia.us.es\/index.php\/Redes_de_Bravais\"><span>http:\/\/enciclopedia.us.es\/index.php\/Redes_de_Bravais<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SttGuWP0dvQ\"><span>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SttGuWP0dvQ<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hd4unkd5Y-c\"><span>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hd4unkd5Y-c<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ocw.uc3m.es\/ciencia-e-oin\/caracterizacion-de-materiales\/practicas-2\/Practicas_de_DRX.pdf\"><span>http:\/\/ocw.uc3m.es\/ciencia-e-oin\/caracterizacion-de-materiales\/practicas-<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ocw.uc3m.es\/ciencia-e-oin\/caracterizacion-de-materiales\/practicas-2\/Practicas_de_DRX.pdf\"><span>2\/Practicas_de_DRX.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE05\/web\/ejemplos\/ejemB.htm\"><span>http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE05\/web\/ejemplos\/ejemB.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/parte_02.html\"><span>http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/parte_02.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui%C3%B3n%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf\"><span>https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui%C3%B3n%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf\"><span>15563\/Gui%C3%B3n%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.patologiasconstruccion.net\/2014\/12\/difraccion-de-rayos-x-1-tecnicas\/\"><span>https:\/\/www.patologiasconstruccion.net\/2014\/12\/difraccion-de-rayos-x-1-tecnicas\/<\/span><\/a><\/span>\n<span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui%C3%83%C2%B3n%20pr%C3%83%C2%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf\"><span>https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui\u00f3n%20pr\u00e1cticas%20silicatos%20-<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui%C3%83%C2%B3n%20pr%C3%83%C2%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf\"><span>%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n[1] http:\/\/ocw.uc3m.es\/ciencia-e-oin\/tecnologia-de-materiales-industriales\/practicas-1\/Practica_I-estructuras_cristalinas.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1    et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>M\u00e9s not\u00edcies<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_blog_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_pb_posts et_pb_bg_layout_light \">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_ajax_pagination_container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<article id=\"post-807\" class=\"et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_blog_item_0_0 post-807 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-blog\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/analisi-organoleptica-i-classificacio-dels-plastics-filmics-derivats-de-la-cellulosa\/\" class=\"entry-featured-image-url\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Archivo-Di-Chiara-1920-1-1080x675.jpg\" alt=\"An\u00e0lisi Organol\u00e8ptica I Classificaci\u00f3 Dels Pl\u00e0stics F\u00edlmics Derivats De La Cel\u00b7lulosa\" width=\"1080\" height=\"675\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Archivo-Di-Chiara-1920-1-980x551.jpg 980w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Archivo-Di-Chiara-1920-1-480x270.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1080px, 100vw\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1080px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1080\/675;\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/analisi-organoleptica-i-classificacio-dels-plastics-filmics-derivats-de-la-cellulosa\/\">An\u00e0lisi Organol\u00e8ptica I Classificaci\u00f3 Dels Pl\u00e0stics F\u00edlmics Derivats De La Cel\u00b7lulosa<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"post-meta\"><span class=\"published\">Mar 19, 2020<\/span><\/p><div class=\"post-content\"><div class=\"post-content-inner et_multi_view_hidden\"><p>AN\u00c0LISI ORGANOL\u00c8PTICA I CLASSIFICACI\u00d3 DELS PL\u00c0STICS F\u00cdLMICS DERIVATS DE LA CEL\u00b7LULOSALa voluntat de conservar materials f\u00edlmics no \u00e9s quelcom nou. Des dels mateixos or\u00edgens de la cinematografia es va tenir consci\u00e8ncia de la seva import\u00e0ncia i al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria...<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<article id=\"post-199\" class=\"et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_blog_item_0_1 post-199 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-blog\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/els-primers-materials-plastics\/\" class=\"entry-featured-image-url\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2006_RMA_02492_0215_000.jpg\" alt=\"Els primers materials pl\u00e0stics (I)\" width=\"1080\" height=\"675\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2006_RMA_02492_0215_000.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2006_RMA_02492_0215_000-480x489.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 1080px, 100vw\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1080px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1080\/675;\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/els-primers-materials-plastics\/\">Els primers materials pl\u00e0stics (I)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"post-meta\"><span class=\"published\">Ago 12, 2019<\/span><\/p><div class=\"post-content\"><div class=\"post-content-inner et_multi_view_hidden\"><p>ELS PRIMERS MATERIALS PL\u00c0STICS (I)\u00a0Aire d'artista (Piero Manzoni)Es calcula que el 60 % dels milers de milions de tones de pl\u00e0stic fabricades fins ara suren als oceans o romanen dipositats en abocadors, per\u00f2 en aquest moment, malgrat que els pl\u00e0stics s'han convertit...<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<article id=\"post-798\" class=\"et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_blog_item_0_2 post-798 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-blog\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/josep-gaspar-i-serra\/\" class=\"entry-featured-image-url\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/josep-gaspar-i-serra-762x675.jpg\" alt=\"Josep Gaspar I Serra\" width=\"1080\" height=\"675\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/josep-gaspar-i-serra-762x675.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/josep-gaspar-i-serra-480x645.jpg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 1080px, 100vw\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1080px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1080\/675;\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/josep-gaspar-i-serra\/\">Josep Gaspar I Serra<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"post-meta\"><span class=\"published\">Jun 18, 2019<\/span><\/p><div class=\"post-content\"><div class=\"post-content-inner et_multi_view_hidden\"><p>JOSEP GASPAR I SERRAJosep Gaspar i Serra va n\u00e9ixer a Manresa l\u2019any 1892 i va ser un dels documentalistes m\u00e9s importants dels inicis del cinema a Espanya; malauradament, gran part de la seva obra no s\u2019ha conservat. Aquest material, una c\u00f2pia positiva, va ser trobat...<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<article id=\"post-212\" class=\"et_pb_post clearfix et_pb_blog_item_0_3 post-212 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-blog\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/formigo-roma\/\" class=\"entry-featured-image-url\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/hormigonromano2_36095886.jpeg\" alt=\"El secret de l&#8217;antic formig\u00f3 rom\u00e0\" width=\"1080\" height=\"675\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/hormigonromano2_36095886.jpeg 1080w, https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/hormigonromano2_36095886-480x320.jpeg 480w\" data-sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 1080px, 100vw\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1080px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1080\/675;\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/formigo-roma\/\">El secret de l&#8217;antic formig\u00f3 rom\u00e0<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"post-meta\"><span class=\"published\">May 14, 2019<\/span><\/p><div class=\"post-content\"><div class=\"post-content-inner et_multi_view_hidden\"><p>EL SECRET DE L'ANTIC FORMIG\u00d3 ROM\u00c0\u00a0Encara que les construccions modernes de formig\u00f3 s'ensorren al cap d'unes poques d\u00e8cades, sobre si estan situades a prop d'ambients marins, les antigues estructures romanes, no nom\u00e9s es mantenen dempeus, sin\u00f3 que s\u00f3n fins i tot m\u00e9s...<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<div><div class=\"pagination clearfix\">\n\t<div class=\"alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/552\/page\/2\/?et_blog\" >&laquo; Entradas Anteriores<\/a><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"alignright\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":557,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"2880","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - 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