{"id":552,"date":"2018-04-25T14:17:00","date_gmt":"2018-04-25T14:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/?p=552"},"modified":"2025-03-28T14:57:06","modified_gmt":"2025-03-28T14:57:06","slug":"difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/","title":{"rendered":"Difracci\u00f3n de Rayos X (An\u00e1lisis de Difractogramas)"},"content":{"rendered":"[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; specialty=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||15px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; specialty_columns=&#8221;3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||18px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<h2>DIFRACCI\u00d3N DE RAYOS X (AN\u00c1LISIS DE DIFRACTOGRAMAS)\u00a0<\/h2>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: center;\">https:\/\/www.uvm.edu<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<p>Las propiedades de los materiales est\u00e1n condicionadas, no s\u00f3lo por la naturaleza de los \u00e1tomos que los componen, sino tambi\u00e9n por la manera en que estos \u00e1tomos se unen unos con otros.<\/p>\n<p>La tendencia es que los \u00e1tomos se unan buscando la m\u00e1xima estabilidad y siguiendo la configuraci\u00f3n con la energ\u00eda m\u00e1s baja posible. Esto hace que muchos materiales posean una determinada ordenaci\u00f3n u organizaci\u00f3n repetitiva de sus \u00e1tomos, son los llamados materiales cristalinos.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/bravais.gif&#8221; title_text=&#8221;bravais&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"jx7z5rLsm9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lespritsorcier.org\/blogs-membres\/lanalyse-de-monocristaux-par-diffraction-au-rayons-x-partie-3\/\">L&rsquo;analyse de monocristaux par diffraction au rayons X (partie 3)<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content lazyload\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u00ab\u00a0L&rsquo;analyse de monocristaux par diffraction au rayons X (partie 3)\u00a0\u00bb &#8212; L&#039;Esprit Sorcier\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lespritsorcier.org\/blogs-membres\/lanalyse-de-monocristaux-par-diffraction-au-rayons-x-partie-3\/embed\/#?secret=jx7z5rLsm9\" data-secret=\"jx7z5rLsm9\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;]<p>Estos tipos de materiales est\u00e1n compuestos por una red espacial de \u00e1tomos distribuidos peri\u00f3dicamente y sin ning\u00fan hueco. La celdilla elemental es la unidad b\u00e1sica a partir de la cual podr\u00edamos reproducir el resto de la red y est\u00e1 definida por los par\u00e1metros a, b, c y \u03b1, \u03b2, \u0194. Se han determinado s\u00f3lo siete poliedros o sistemas cristalinos. Las 14 tipos de redes posibles, redes de Bravais, se constituyen a partir de los siete poliedros anteriores pero asociando una serie de puntos no s\u00f3lo en los v\u00e9rtices, sino tambi\u00e9n en los centros del poliedro o tambi\u00e9n en el centro de las caras. Los \u00edndices de Miller, h, k y l nos definen los planos cristalogr\u00e1ficos de una celda elemental en un eje de coordenadas.<\/p>\n<p>La difracci\u00f3n de los Rayos X es un fen\u00f3meno f\u00edsico que se produce al interaccionar un haz de rayos X, de una determinada longitud de onda, con un material cristalino produciendo una serie de interferencias \u00f3pticas constructivas dispersadas en determinadas direcciones del espacio. Con la Ley de Bragg podemos determinar los \u00e1ngulos de las ondas electromagn\u00e9ticas difractadas por un cristal y la distancia que separa a sus \u00e1tomos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>n\u03bb = 2 d sen \u03b8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La radiaci\u00f3n debe atravesar una apertura de espesor comparable a la longitud de onda de la radiaci\u00f3n. Las longitudes de onda de los rayos X se miden en Angstroms y son similares a las distancias entre los \u00e1tomos de las redes cristalinas, es decir se eligen de manera que la onda incidente sea la adecuada para la estructura del material que queremos determinar. Este tipo de rayos X \u201cduros\u201d se producen en los laboratorios de cristalograf\u00eda o en las llamadas grandes instalaciones de sincrotr\u00f3n.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/esquema-difraccion.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;esquema-difraccion&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;]<p>Esta es una t\u00e9cnica indirecta que puede ser destructiva o no, dependiendo del equipo que utilicemos y por tanto condicionada a la necesidad de una toma de muestra. Su aplicaci\u00f3n fundamental es la identificaci\u00f3n cualitativa de la composici\u00f3n mineral\u00f3gica de una determinada muestra cristalina. La t\u00e9cnica experimental consiste en la emisi\u00f3n de un haz de rayos X y la recepci\u00f3n de los rayos difractados por un detector a la vez que vamos variando el \u00e1ngulo de incidencia para calcular la simetr\u00eda del cristal y posteriormente asignar las distancias obteniendo las fases cristalinas de la muestra.<\/p>\n<p>En el diagrama de difracci\u00f3n tenemos en el eje vertical la intensidad de los rayos X difractados en funci\u00f3n de la suma del \u00e1ngulo de incidencia y el de difracci\u00f3n (2\u03b8). Los picos corresponden a los planos que producen difracci\u00f3n y se pueden relacionar con sus \u00edndices de Miller. En la realidad es bastante dif\u00edcil determinar una sola sustancia, la mayor\u00eda de las muestras ser\u00e1 heterog\u00e9nea. Tambi\u00e9n podemos realizar una estimaci\u00f3n semicuantitativa obteniendo una proporci\u00f3n de los materiales con un peque\u00f1o margen de error.<\/p>\n<p>A partir de este diagrama debemos identificar los patrones que se ajusten a los picos de mayor intensidad del difractograma. Si la muestra est\u00e1 constituida por varios minerales su difractograma ser\u00e1 la suma de los difractogramas correspondientes a las fases cristalinas que componen la muestra.<\/p>\n<p>Con una regla milimetrada se mide el \u00e1ngulo 2\u03b8 (eje de abcisas) de cada reflexi\u00f3n, as\u00ed como su intensidad absoluta (altura), colocando ambos valores en una tabla de 5 columnas. En la tercera columna, se colocan los valores de las intensidades relativas, obtenidas como porcentaje (al 100) de la m\u00e1s intensa. En la cuarta columna, se colocan los valores de espaciado dhkl obtenidos a partir de los valores de 2\u03b8 mediante la expresi\u00f3n de Bragg (2 d sen\u03b8 = n \u03bb, siendo n=1), sabiendo que para la obtenci\u00f3n de los difractogramas se ha empleado radiaci\u00f3n K\u03b1 de Cu (\u03bb = 1,5405 \u00c5). [1]<\/p>\n<p>La ASTM (Asociaci\u00f3n Americana para el Ensayo de Materiales) cuenta con una de las m\u00e1s extensas bases de datos, el PDF Podwer Data File, donde podremos comparar el resultado de nuestro diagrama con un gran n\u00famero de sustancias cristalinas clasificadas entre otras maneras seg\u00fan en funci\u00f3n de los espaciados de sus picos m\u00e1s intensos y ordenados de mayor a menor espaciado junto a las intensidades relativas.<\/p>\n<p>Si hay coincidencia en los valores de los espaciados y en el orden de las intensidades relativas tendremos identificado el mineral.<\/p>\n<p>Powder Cell es un programa que realiza simulaciones de los difractogramas de los materiales cristalinos, tambi\u00e9n realiza una ilustraci\u00f3n de la estructura cristalina del material en cuesti\u00f3n. Podemos cambiar, igualmente, algunos de los par\u00e1metros de las estructuras cristalinas para comprobar c\u00f3mo se van modificando los difractogramas, de esta manera podemos observar la relaci\u00f3n entre la estructura cristalina de un material y su diagrama de difracci\u00f3n correspondiente.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;1&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2-1-1.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;2 (1)&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;3&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<p>Tenemos tambi\u00e9n la posibilidad de consultar las tablas donde se muestran las condiciones del experimento y los par\u00e1metros m\u00e1ximos de difracci\u00f3n de mineral, en este caso Calcita Bio. Podemos modificar la escala del diagrama para ver con m\u00e1s detalle algunas zonas.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/4.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;4&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>ITA-MOS-01-2014.dat<\/strong><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/5-2.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;5&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>ITA-MOS-01-2014.dat<\/strong><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/6-1.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;6&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/7.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;7&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/8.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;8&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/9.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;9&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Ilustraci\u00f3n de los sistemas cristalinos de la IIIita, Calcita Bio y Cuarzo<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]La mostra ITA-MOS-01-2014.dat presenta un c\u00e0lcul estimatiu d\u2019un 97,8 % de Calcita Bio i un 2,2 % de quars, tot i que a l\u2019eix de les abscisses hi ha un pic molt intens no identificat que no correspon amb els altres minerals.\n\nEls minerals que s\u2019ajusten millor al difractograma de la mostra ITA-MOS-09-2014.dat s\u00f3n la Calcita Bio, la Illita i el Quars, presents en unes proporcions del 98 %, 1,6 % i 0,4 % respectivament.\n\nL\u2019estructura cristal\u00b7lina del mineral i la seva complexitat determinen la quantitat de punts que produeixen refracci\u00f3, com \u00e9s el cas de la Illita.\n\n&nbsp;\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cuvsi.com\/2016\/01\/difraccion-de-rayos-x-en-la.html\"><span>http:\/\/www.cuvsi.com\/2016\/01\/difraccion-de-rayos-x-en-la.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/parte_05.html\"><span>http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/parte_05.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cristalograf%C3%ADa_de_rayos_X\"><span>https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cristalograf%C3%ADa_de_rayos_X<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE06\/web\/DRXP.htm\"><span>http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE06\/web\/DRXP.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE04\/web\/directorio.htm\"><span>http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE04\/web\/directorio.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/\"><span>http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sstti.ua.es\/es\/instrumentacion-cientifica\/unidad-de-rayos-x\/difraccion-de-rayos-x.html\"><span>https:\/\/sstti.ua.es\/es\/instrumentacion-cientifica\/unidad-de-rayos-x\/difraccion-de-rayos-x.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upct.es\/~minaeees\/difraccion_rayosx.pdf\"><span>https:\/\/www.upct.es\/~minaeees\/difraccion_rayosx.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.upct.es\/~dimgc\/webjoseperez\/DOCENCIA_archivos\/Aplicaciones_DRX_Apuntes_y_ejercicios.pdf\"><span>http:\/\/www.upct.es\/~dimgc\/webjoseperez\/DOCENCIA_archivos\/Aplicaciones_DRX_Apuntes_y<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.upct.es\/~dimgc\/webjoseperez\/DOCENCIA_archivos\/Aplicaciones_DRX_Apuntes_y_ejercicios.pdf\"><span>_ejercicios.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unizar.es\/icma\/divulgacion\/pdf\/pdfdifraccionrayos.pdf\"><span>https:\/\/www.unizar.es\/icma\/divulgacion\/pdf\/pdfdifraccionrayos.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/azufre.quimica.uniovi.es\/DetEst\/Tema3-AAP.pdf\"><span>http:\/\/azufre.quimica.uniovi.es\/DetEst\/Tema3-AAP.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NOQJ-NLixj4\"><span>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NOQJ-NLixj4<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mim-us.es\/estructuras_cristalinas\/estructura_cristalina2.html\"><span>http:\/\/www.mim-us.es\/estructuras_cristalinas\/estructura_cristalina2.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/enciclopedia.us.es\/index.php\/Redes_de_Bravais\"><span>http:\/\/enciclopedia.us.es\/index.php\/Redes_de_Bravais<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SttGuWP0dvQ\"><span>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SttGuWP0dvQ<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hd4unkd5Y-c\"><span>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hd4unkd5Y-c<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ocw.uc3m.es\/ciencia-e-oin\/caracterizacion-de-materiales\/practicas-2\/Practicas_de_DRX.pdf\"><span>http:\/\/ocw.uc3m.es\/ciencia-e-oin\/caracterizacion-de-materiales\/practicas-<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ocw.uc3m.es\/ciencia-e-oin\/caracterizacion-de-materiales\/practicas-2\/Practicas_de_DRX.pdf\"><span>2\/Practicas_de_DRX.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE05\/web\/ejemplos\/ejemB.htm\"><span>http:\/\/www.ehu.eus\/imacris\/PIE05\/web\/ejemplos\/ejemB.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/parte_02.html\"><span>http:\/\/www.xtal.iqfr.csic.es\/Cristalografia\/parte_02.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui%C3%B3n%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf\"><span>https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui%C3%B3n%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf\"><span>15563\/Gui%C3%B3n%20pr%C3%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.patologiasconstruccion.net\/2014\/12\/difraccion-de-rayos-x-1-tecnicas\/\"><span>https:\/\/www.patologiasconstruccion.net\/2014\/12\/difraccion-de-rayos-x-1-tecnicas\/<\/span><\/a><\/span>\n<span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui%C3%83%C2%B3n%20pr%C3%83%C2%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf\"><span>https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui\u00f3n%20pr\u00e1cticas%20silicatos%20-<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><\/span><span lang=\"ES\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-15563\/Gui%C3%83%C2%B3n%20pr%C3%83%C2%A1cticas%20silicatos%20-%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf\"><span>%20Elena%20Vindel.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"ES\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n[1] http:\/\/ocw.uc3m.es\/ciencia-e-oin\/tecnologia-de-materiales-industriales\/practicas-1\/Practica_I-estructuras_cristalinas.pdf[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_3_font_size=&#8221;30px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<h3>M\u00e1s noticias<\/h3>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blog posts_number=&#8221;4&#8243; include_categories=&#8221;all&#8221; use_manual_excerpt=&#8221;off&#8221; show_author=&#8221;off&#8221; show_categories=&#8221;off&#8221; show_excerpt=&#8221;off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;25px&#8221; meta_font=&#8221;&#8211;et_global_heading_font||||||||&#8221; meta_font_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; border_radii_fullwidth=&#8221;on|10px|10px|10px|10px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_blog][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section]","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DIFRACCI\u00d3 DE RAIGS X (AN\u00c0LISI DE DIFRACTOGRAMES)\u00a0https:\/\/www.uvm.eduLes propietats dels materials estan condicionades, no nom\u00e9s per la natura dels \u00e0toms que els componen, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per la manera com aquests \u00e0toms s\u2019uneixen entre ells. La tend\u00e8ncia \u00e9s que els \u00e0toms s\u2019uneixin buscant la m\u00e0xima estabilitat i seguint la configuraci\u00f3 amb l\u2019energia m\u00e9s baixa possible. Aix\u00f2 fa [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":557,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"2880","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Difracci\u00f3 de Raigs X (An\u00e0lisi de Difractogrames) - Olga Payan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Difracci\u00f3 de Raigs X (An\u00e0lisi de Difractogrames) - Olga Payan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"DIFRACCI\u00d3 DE RAIGS X (AN\u00c0LISI DE DIFRACTOGRAMES)\u00a0https:\/\/www.uvm.eduLes propietats dels materials estan condicionades, no nom\u00e9s per la natura dels \u00e0toms que els componen, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per la manera com aquests \u00e0toms s\u2019uneixen entre ells. La tend\u00e8ncia \u00e9s que els \u00e0toms s\u2019uneixin buscant la m\u00e0xima estabilitat i seguint la configuraci\u00f3 amb l\u2019energia m\u00e9s baixa possible. Aix\u00f2 fa [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Olga Payan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-04-25T14:17:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-28T14:57:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"768\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/\",\"name\":\"Difracci\u00f3 de Raigs X (An\u00e0lisi de Difractogrames) - Olga Payan\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-04-25T14:17:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-28T14:57:06+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/18b4c46a165d690539f25273ac5db0f3\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":768},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Difracci\u00f3 de Raigs X (An\u00e0lisi de Difractogrames)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/\",\"name\":\"Olga Payan\",\"description\":\"Conservaci\u00f3, divulgaci\u00f3 i producci\u00f3 cultural\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"es\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/18b4c46a165d690539f25273ac5db0f3\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/26743767cf6bea7326afc59d3e5e970314f57f265437f865bbbe254ddf3334b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/26743767cf6bea7326afc59d3e5e970314f57f265437f865bbbe254ddf3334b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/author\/wenet\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Difracci\u00f3 de Raigs X (An\u00e0lisi de Difractogrames) - Olga Payan","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/","og_locale":"es_ES","og_type":"article","og_title":"Difracci\u00f3 de Raigs X (An\u00e0lisi de Difractogrames) - Olga Payan","og_description":"DIFRACCI\u00d3 DE RAIGS X (AN\u00c0LISI DE DIFRACTOGRAMES)\u00a0https:\/\/www.uvm.eduLes propietats dels materials estan condicionades, no nom\u00e9s per la natura dels \u00e0toms que els componen, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per la manera com aquests \u00e0toms s\u2019uneixen entre ells. La tend\u00e8ncia \u00e9s que els \u00e0toms s\u2019uneixin buscant la m\u00e0xima estabilitat i seguint la configuraci\u00f3 amb l\u2019energia m\u00e9s baixa possible. Aix\u00f2 fa [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/","og_site_name":"Olga Payan","article_published_time":"2018-04-25T14:17:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-03-28T14:57:06+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":768,"url":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Escrito por":"admin","Tiempo de lectura":"9 minutos"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/","url":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/","name":"Difracci\u00f3 de Raigs X (An\u00e0lisi de Difractogrames) - Olga Payan","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg","datePublished":"2018-04-25T14:17:00+00:00","dateModified":"2025-03-28T14:57:06+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/18b4c46a165d690539f25273ac5db0f3"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"es","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es","@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/cibicface-centered_w_rhombohedralprimitivecell_jpg.jpg","width":1024,"height":768},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/difraccio-de-raigs-x-analisi-de-difractogrames\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Portada","item":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Difracci\u00f3 de Raigs X (An\u00e0lisi de Difractogrames)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/","name":"Olga Payan","description":"Conservaci\u00f3, divulgaci\u00f3 i producci\u00f3 cultural","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"es"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/18b4c46a165d690539f25273ac5db0f3","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es","@id":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/26743767cf6bea7326afc59d3e5e970314f57f265437f865bbbe254ddf3334b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/26743767cf6bea7326afc59d3e5e970314f57f265437f865bbbe254ddf3334b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"admin"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/olgapayan.com"],"url":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/author\/wenet\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/552","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=552"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/552\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/557"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=552"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=552"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/olgapayan.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=552"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}